Hemodialysis is a medical procedure that filters waste products, excess water, and excess electrolytes from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions. Here is the complete procedure: *Preparation:* 1. Access preparation: An access point is created in the body to allow blood to be diverted into the dialysis machine. This can be through: - Arteriovenous fistula (AVF): A surgically created connection between an artery and a vein. - Arteriovenous graft (AVG): A synthetic tube connecting an artery and a vein. - Central venous catheter (CVC): A temporary catheter inserted into a large vein. 2. Patient preparation: The patient is weighed, and vital signs are checked. 3. Dialyzer preparation: The dialyzer (filter) is prepared and connected to the dialysis machine. *Procedure:* 1. Blood draw: Blood is drawn from the access point and pumped into the dialysis machine. 2. Filtration: The blood passes through the dialyzer, which filters waste products and excess substances. 3. Clean blood return: The filtered blood is returned to the body. 4. Monitoring: Vital signs and treatment parameters are continuously monitored. *Post-treatment:* 1. Access disconnection: The access point is disconnected from the machine. 2. Patient assessment: Vital signs and condition are assessed. 3. Medication administration: Medications may be administered to regulate electrolytes, blood pressure, or anemia. *Frequency and duration:* Typically, hemodialysis is performed: - Three times a week - For 3-4 hours per session *Note:* The specific procedure may vary depending on individual patient needs and the healthcare facility's protocols.# pns shifa - @syedmusakhan5