🇮🇶👑The Sumerian civilization 👑🇮🇶 One of the earliest known #civilizations emerged in ancient #Mesopotamia (modern-day southern #Iraq ) around 4500 BCE. Here are some key aspects of Sumerian civilization: ### Geography - **Location**: #Sumer was situated in the southern part of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. - **Agriculture**: The fertile land and irrigation techniques allowed for successful agriculture, leading to surplus food production. ### Society and Culture - **City-States**: Sumer was composed of independent city-states like #Ur #Uruk and #Eridu, each with its own ruler and deity. - **Social Structure**: Society was hierarchical, with a king at the top, followed by priests, merchants, farmers, and slaves. - **Religion**: Polytheistic, worshipping a pantheon of gods and goddesses associated with natural forces and city-states. ### Innovations - **Writing**: The #Sumerians developed cuneiform writing around #3200 #BCE one of the earliest writing systems, used for record-keeping and literature. - **Mathematics and Astronomy**: They made significant advances in mathematics (including a base-60 number system) and astronomy, contributing to calendar systems. ### Achievements - **Architecture**: Known for #ziggurats massive stepped structures that served religious purposes. - **Literature**: The "Epic of #Gilgamesh " one of the oldest known literary works, originates from Sumerian culture. ### Decline The Sumerian civilization began to decline around 2000 BCE, eventually succumbing to invasions and the rise of the Akkadian Empire. However, their contributions laid the foundation for subsequent civilizations in Mesopotamia and influenced many aspects of culture, governance, and technology. ### Legacy The Sumerians are often credited as pioneers of civilization, with many of their innovations and concepts influencing later cultures in the region and beyond. Their achievements in writing, law, and urbanization set the stage for future societies. #mustafaclassic #العراق #السومرية #البابليين #بابل #الأشوريين - @mustafa.classic