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The document
The document "Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards" is a report by NIST outlining the process for transitioning from current cryptographic standards, which are vulnerable to quantum computing, to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards. Here is a summary of the key points: ### Introduction - **Purpose:** To guide the transition from quantum-vulnerable cryptographic algorithms to post-quantum digital signature algorithms and key-establishment schemes. - **Importance:** Current cryptographic methods are at risk due to advancements in quantum computing, which can break traditional algorithms. - **Urgency:** The threat of "harvest now, decrypt later" necessitates immediate action to protect sensitive data. ### Background - **Cryptographic Standards:** Identifies quantum-vulnerable algorithms in existing standards and introduces PQC algorithms. - **Digital Signature Algorithms:** Currently used algorithms like ECDSA, RSA, and EdDSA are vulnerable to quantum attacks. New standards like ML-DSA and SLH-DSA are proposed as quantum-resistant alternatives. - **Key Establishment:** Existing key-establishment schemes based on discrete logarithms and RSA are vulnerable. The ML-KEM scheme is introduced as a quantum-resistant alternative. - **Symmetric Cryptography:** Less affected by quantum attacks. Existing standards providing at least 128-bit security are deemed adequate for the transition. ### Migration Considerations - **Timeline:** The transition will take significant time, often over a decade. Planning must consider the security of data over its entire lifecycle. - **Use Cases:** Different applications require specific considerations for migration: - **Code Signing:** Ensures software authenticity and integrity. - **User and Machine Authentication:** Maintains secure access controls. - **Network Security Protocols:** Secures data transmission over networks. - **Email and Document Signing:** Ensures the authenticity and integrity of communications and documents. ### PQC-Classical Hybrid Protocols - **Hybrid Solutions:** May use both quantum-resistant and traditional algorithms during the transition period. These solutions add complexity but provide a hedge against flaws in individual algorithms. - **Key-Establishment Techniques:** Combines multiple schemes to ensure security even if one scheme is compromised. - **Digital Signature Techniques:** Uses dual signatures to maintain security during the transition. ### Transition Timeline - **National Security Memorandum 10:** Sets the goal for completing the transition to PQC by 2035. - **NIST Standards and Guidelines:** Provides a detailed timeline for deprecating and disallowing quantum-vulnerable algorithms. - **Digital Signatures and Key Establishment:** Classical algorithms at 112-bit security will be deprecated after 2030 and disallowed after 2035. - **Symmetric Cryptography:** Existing standards at 128-bit security or higher are sufficient for PQC. ### Application-Specific Standards - NIST will update specific standards and guidelines to detail the deprecation of quantum-vulnerable algorithms and promote the adoption of PQC in various applications. ### References and Glossary - The document includes extensive references to existing standards and a glossary of terms related to cryptography and PQC. This report emphasizes the critical need for a coordinated effort to transition to PQC, involving public-private partnerships, industry standards, and governmental guidance to ensure data security in the quantum computing era.

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