@takelem.arabi: ٱلْكِتَابُ (al-kitābu) • ٱل (al-) = definite article “the”. • كِتَاب (kitāb) = “book” (noun, masculine, singular). • Ending ُ = ḍamma because it is mubtada’ (subject) and is in nominative case (marfūʿ). 2. عَلَى (ʿalā) • Preposition (ḥarf jarr). • Means “on” or “upon.” • Will make the following noun majrūr. 3. ٱلسَّرِيرِ (as-sarīri) • ٱل (al-) = “the”. • سَرِير (sarīr) = “bed” (noun, masculine, singular). • Ending ِ = kasra because it is majrūr (genitive) due to the preposition على.