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Sunday 31 August 2025 13:24:21 GMT
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"By the same analogy, we can suggest that the microtubule network and microfilament network are connected at certain points so that when cargo reaches its general destination by microtubule (rail), then it can be taken to its specific address by microfilament. Let’s extend this analogy a bit further. If the microtubules and microfilaments are the tracks and streets, then what are the trains and trucks? Ah, an astute question, Grasshopper. On the microtubules, the “trains” are one of two families of molecular motors: the kinesins and the dyneins. We can generalize somewhat and say that the kinesins drive towards the (+) end (toward periphery of cell) while the dyneins go toward the (-) end (toward the MTOC). On actin microfilaments, the molecular motors are proteins of the myosin family. At this point, the analogies end, as the functioning of these molecular motors is very different from locomotion by train or truck. Finally, one might question the biological need for such a transport system. Again, if we analogize to human transport, then we could say that transport via simple diffusion is akin to people carrying packages randomly about the cell. Although this type of transport occurs in all eukaryotic cells, a particularly well-studied case is axonal transport (also called axoplasmic transport) in neurons. Here, the transport of materials from the cell body (soma) to the tips of the axons can sometimes traverse very long distances up to several meters in larger animals, and must do so in a timely manner. Axonal transport is generally classified as anterograde (from soma to axon terminal) or retrograde (from terminals back). The types of material transported in these two directions is very different: much of the anterograde transport is protein building blocks for extending the axon or synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters; retrograde transport is mostly endocytic vesicles and signaling molecules. Axonal transport is also categorized as fast and slow. Slow transport is primarily the movement of proteins directly bound to the motors, and they can move from from 100 mm per day (SCa, slow component a) up to 3mm/day (SCb). In comparison, fast transport is generally movement of vesicles, and can vary from 50 to 400 mm/day. The mechanism of slow transport had been debated for over a decade until 2000, when direct visualization of fluorescently labeled neurofilaments in transport showed that the actual movement of the proteins was very similar to the movement in fast axonal transport, but there were many pauses in the transport, a “stop and go” mechanism rather moving from source to destination continuously." libretexts 🎥 MG Lomb #biomajor #kinesin #molecularbiology #molecular #biologyclass #biotok #cellbiology

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