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@fds_yq: Pitt actually mocked Trump for being poor.#fypシ゚viral #fyp #foryou #movie #tiktok #usa #americandad
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Tuesday 14 October 2025 11:15:03 GMT
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joelcgamble1 :
WHO IS PITTTTT
2025-10-14 20:37:30
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🧠 Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs) — Complete Notes 🏷️ Keywords: Anti-Epileptic Drugs, Anticonvulsants, AEDs, epilepsy treatment, seizure types, mechanism of action, pharmacology notes, epilepsy drugs classification. 🧠 What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal, excessive, and synchronized electrical activity in the brain. ⚡ Seizure = sudden abnormal electrical activity in the brain 🎯 Main goal of AEDs: To prevent or reduce seizures without causing excessive CNS depression. 📚 Classification of Anti-Epileptic Drugs 🔵 1. Sodium Channel Blockers Phenytoin Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Lacosamide 🧠 Action: Reduce repetitive neuronal firing by blocking voltage-gated Na⁺ channels. 🟢 2. GABA-Enhancing Drugs Benzodiazepines: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Clonazepam Phenobarbital Valproate — increases GABA availability through multiple mechanisms 🧠 GABA = major inhibitory neurotransmitter ⬆️ GABA → ⬇️ neuronal excitability → ⬇️ seizures 🟣 3. Calcium Channel Modulators Ethosuximide → T-type Ca²⁺ channels Gabapentin Pregabalin 🎯 Ethosuximide is especially important for absence seizures. 🟠 4. SV2A Modulator Levetiracetam Brivaracetam 📦 They bind to SV2A, a synaptic vesicle protein, reducing abnormal neurotransmitter release. 🔴 5. Glutamate Antagonists Perampanel → AMPA receptor antagonist Topiramate → multiple actions including reduced glutamatergic activity 🔥 Glutamate = major excitatory neurotransmitter. ⚙️ Major Mechanisms of Action ⚡ Sodium Channel Blockade Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine Na⁺ channel blockade ⬇️ repetitive neuronal firing ⬇️ seizure propagation 🧪 GABA Enhancement Benzodiazepines + Phenobarbital ⬆️ GABA-A-mediated inhibition ⬇️ neuronal excitability ⬇️ seizures 🟡 T-Type Calcium Channel Blockade Ethosuximide T-type Ca²⁺ blockade in thalamic neurons ⬇️ abnormal rhythmic activity ✅ useful in absence seizures 🩺 Seizure Types & Important Drugs Seizure type Important drugs 🧠 Focal seizures Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam ⚡ Generalized tonic-clonic Valproate, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam 👀 Absence seizures Ethosuximide, Valproate 💪 Myoclonic seizures Valproate, Levetiracetam 🚨 Status epilepticus Lorazepam, Diazepam, followed by appropriate longer-acting therapy ⭐ Classic exam point: Ethosuximide → drug of choice for typical absence seizures. 💊 Important Anti-Epileptic Drugs 🔵 Phenytoin MOA: Blocks voltage-gated Na⁺ channels and limits repetitive neuronal firing. Uses Focal seizures Generalized tonic-clonic seizures Status epilepticus — IV formulations may be used after initial benzodiazepine therapy Important adverse effects ⚠️ Gingival hyperplasia ⚠️ Hirsutism ⚠️ Ataxia ⚠️ Nystagmus ⚠️ Diplopia ⚠️ Rash ⚠️ Peripheral neuropathy 🦷 Memory tip: “Phenytoin → Puffy gums + Hair growth.” 🟢 Carbamazepine MOA: Use-dependent blockade of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels. Uses ✅ Focal seizures ✅ Generalized tonic-clonic seizures ✅ Trigeminal neuralgia ✅ Bipolar disorder Adverse effects ⚠️ Drowsiness ⚠️ Diplopia ⚠️ Ataxia ⚠️ Hyponatremia ⚠️ Skin rash ⚠️ Rare blood dyscrasias 🧠 Remember: Carbamazepine → Focal seizures + Trigeminal neuralgia 🟣 Valproate / Valproic Acid ⭐ Broad-spectrum AED MOA Valproate has multiple actions, including: Increasing GABA availability Blocking voltage-gated Na⁺ channels Reducing certain Ca²⁺ currents Uses ✅ Generalized seizures ✅ Absence seizures ✅ Myoclonic seizures ✅ Generalized tonic-clonic seizures Important adverse effects ⚠️ Weight gain ⚠️ Tremor ⚠️ GI upset ⚠️ Hepatotoxicity ⚠️ Pancreatitis ⚠️ Thrombocytopenia 🚨 Major warning: Valproate has significant fetal risk during pregnancy and requires careful specialist consideration. 🟡 Ethosuximide ⭐ Drug of choice for typical absence seizures MOA Blocks T-type Ca²⁺ channels in thalamic neurons. Adverse effects Nausea Abdominal discomfort Fatigue Headache Rare blood dyscrasias 🧠 Memory trick: “ETHO = Absence” #fypppp #foryouofficial #medical #viraltiktok
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