@pharmd.22: 🫁 COPD – Background COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a long-term, progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe. It is caused by chronic inflammation and damage to the airways and air sacs (alveoli), which traps air inside the lungs and limits airflow. The two main conditions under COPD are: • Chronic bronchitis – long-term mucus-producing cough • Emphysema – damage to air sacs leading to reduced oxygen exchange Most common cause: Cigarette smoking. Other causes include long-term exposure to air pollution, occupational dust/chemicals, and rarely genetics (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency). COPD typically develops over many years and mainly affects older adults. ⸻ ⚠️ Symptoms of COPD Symptoms usually worsen slowly over time and may include: • Chronic cough (often with mucus) • Shortness of breath, especially during activity • Wheezing • Chest tightness • Frequent respiratory infections • Fatigue • Bluish lips or fingernails (late stages from low oxygen) • Unintentional weight loss (severe cases) Symptoms often flare up suddenly during exacerbations, which may require urgent treatment. ⸻ 💊 Treatment for COPD There is no cure, but treatment improves symptoms, reduces flare-ups, and slows disease progression. 1. Lifestyle & Non-Drug Treatment • Smoking cessation (most important step) • Pulmonary rehabilitation – breathing exercises, fitness training, nutrition counseling • Vaccinations – flu, pneumonia, COVID boosters to prevent severe infections • Regular exercise to improve lung and muscle strength • Avoiding lung irritants (pollution, chemicals, smoke) • Healthy diet & hydration

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Tuesday 02 December 2025 11:48:55 GMT