@germany2026_: UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 🇸🇦 #arab #middleeast #africa #geopolitics #tiktok The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 AD) was the second major caliphate established after the death of Muhammad, famously transforming the Islamic state into a vast hereditary empire with its capital in Damascus. Founded by Muawiya I following the First Fitna, this era marked the greatest territorial expansion of Islamic rule, stretching from the Iberian Peninsula to the borders of China and the Indus Valley, making it one of the largest empires in history. Administratively, the Umayyads centralized power, established Arabic as the official language, and introduced a unified coinage the gold dinar to foster a cohesive imperial identity. However, their reign faced significant internal friction due to the preferential treatment of Arab Muslims over non-Arab converts (mawali) and ongoing succession disputes; these tensions eventually fueled the Abbasid Revolution, which toppled the dynasty in the East, though the Umayyad line famously survived by establishing the flourishing Emirate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus.

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2026-03-16 14:30:34

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