@almu.tesfaye:

G/Yohans :

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Taitus Diablos Santos :

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Stand with truth :

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Gondar post :

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pistok :

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tokkummaa :

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Tokkummaa :

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user2584241722433 :

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ጣዝማ_ማር_#💘 :

G a.cod 126 :

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manamnoworkayehu8 :

አይ አገው ለአገራችን ውለታ ቢስ ሁኖ ቀረ

user4024313550365 :

6:03 &2 . 77 . books.google.com.et/books?ic + 25 Ethiopia today, are also often found. Great quantities of pottery have been found at all excavated Aksumite sites. Some common ancient styles of pottery are still made and can be bought in Tigrayar markets. Language, writing and evangelization From the third century onward, though Greek was used for com- mercial and monumental purposes and on coins, the use of Ge'ez spread. It became the lingua franca of the empire. The origins of Ge'ez are unclear. It is a rich, highly evolved Semitic language stil used in Ethiopia for church liturgy, like Latin in Europe, and alsc like Latin, the source of new terms in Amharic and Tigrinya. Where does the name come from? It is probably related to that of the south- ernmost Eritrean province, Akele Guzay, and that may derive fron a group mentioned in Aksumite inscriptions, the Agazain, who are thought by some historians to have been one of the original groups of immigrants from South Arabia.7 Ge'ez was first written in the South Arabian script. Like all Semitic alphabets, this script has a peculiar disadvantage: only consonants are indicated. Vowels were not shown. Ge'ez, like the modern Ethiopiar anguages derived from it, has seven vowels and several diphthongs which must be indicated in writing if the meaning is to be clear. By the fourth century Aksumites were using an ingenious vowel system involving appendagesor changes in the formofthe consonants This system has continued in Ethiopia to this day for all the Semitic languages. The Ge'ez vowel system was either an original invention or may have been inspired by Indian examples. Indian alphabets, which also ultimately derive from Syro-Palestinian originals, had by this time developed systems for noting vowels. The possibility of Indian alphabetic influence is credible, for Red Sea navigators hac learned how to exploit the monsoons and opened water routes to Per- sia, India and CeyIon. Indian traders may alsohave come to Ethiopian ports. Aksumite traders even made contact with traders from China. " See ibid., pp. 27, 63, 85, for the hypothesis that the term Agazain eventually came to be applied to all of the early Aksumites. s

chuchutaye501 :

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Layiarmachiho Layiarmachiho :

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wasu :

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yene_am :

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user4024313550365 :

6:19 c . þuþ R UIVI UHVVJ 74 not answer whether the adaptations are new. "More pointedlv the Ethiopians can be modeled as a compound of an Arabian population with an indigenous East African one." states Razib Khan "If this is a genuine recent admixture event, then one miaht be able to ascertain via haplotype structure whether the adaptive variants derive from ancient African genetic variation, or whether they're novel mutations."[138] Ancestors of the Amhara have inhabited altitudes above 2500 meters since the Bronze Age and altitudes around 2300- 2400 meters as far back as the Middle Paleolithic meaning sufficien' time has elapsed since the Amhara moved to high altitudes for genetic adaptations to have taken place D Notable Amharas A • Aba Gorgorios, [1 62] Catholic priest . Abebe Aregai, Prime Minister ◦ Abebe Aleme Bikila, Olympic athlete, gold medalistl63 ◦ Abel Tesfaye (The Weeknd), Grammy-winning artist, singer, and global por star ‣ Abuna Basilios, First Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church . Abune Merkorios ◦ Abune Petros, [164] patriot • Abuna Takla Haymanot ◦ Abuna Theophilos, Second Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahidc Church ◦ Afevork Ghevre Jesus, [1 65] Ethiopian writer • Afewerk Tekle, Honorable Laureate Maitre Artiste • Aklilu Habte-Wold, Former foreign minister and Prime Minister Reference 163. Rambali, Paul (2007). Barefoot Runner: The Life of Marathon Champion Abebe Bikila. Serpent's Tail <

user4024313550365 :

9:08 . @ 62 %◦ scribd.com/document/448055 + 21 [SCRIBD] Search E Page view Medieval Ethiopia of gravity from Tigray southward to Wag and Lasta.' Arab: he ninth and tenth centuries describe the Abyssinian A Hadanis as ruling from a capital called Ku'bar or Kobar. A wrote in the mid-tenth century: 78 / 411 The capital of Abyssinia is Ku'bar. It is a great city and the seat of the king dom of the Najashi. The country has many towns and extensive territories ;tretching as far as the Abyssinian Sea. To it belongs the coastal plain oppo- site Yaman where there are many cities, such as Zaila, Dahlak, and Nasi, in which are Muslims tributary to the Abyssinians.'" The period of Aksum's decline was a time of continual expansion of he Orthodox Church and consolidation of its doctrine, ritual and organizational structure. Yared, the founder of Ethiopian church music and composer of the traditional hymnary, the Deggwa, was active during the reign of Emperor Gebre Maskal, a son of Kaleb.'' Yared is credited with laying the groundwork for the entire system of Ethiopian religious education, systematizing Ge'ez grammar and :stablishing the rules for composition of Qene, Ge*ez poetry. Some of he accomplishments traditionally ascribed to him are undoubtedly in part the work of his pupils and successors over the next centuries. These developments created deepened understanding of Christiar dogma and lore and served as inspiration tor the energetic priests and lay leaders who planted Christianity and established imperia authority firmly among the Amhara, the Agaw, and other peoples of the south. A ninth-century ruler called Dagna-Jan is described in chronicles as an ardent evangelizer of the southern provinces During his reign he took 150 priests from Aksum to Amhara and named them Debteras. After he left Tigray he made his capital city Weyna Dega. There were 60 tabotsaccompanying him to the battlefield. Hissoldiers drank the water of Fik from the Lake of Misrae Derginda, rightofthe Takazze from Tahiya Girai, Rib. It wasastonishing that none ofhis men knewthe region. Then he returned from Riband when he counted hisarmyhe found 180,500 whowere equippec ◦ Sergew, op.cit., pp. 207-9; M

user4024313550365 :

11:54 . E Page view History 89 / 411 58 Layers of Time active in trading with the coast. Through their Muslim neighbors. who supplied trade goods, highland Shoa became tenuously linked to the wider world. Yekuno Amlak, whose baptismal name may have been Tesfa Yesus "Hope of Jesus"), was allegedly descended through his father fron the last Aksumite ruler, Dil Na'od.36 The connection remains tenu- ous and may have been invented only after his accession to power. His mother is said to have been the servant of a rich Amhara chief Connection with this family may have given him the opportunity to gain military and political experience. During fighting against the Zagwe he is said to have been caught and imprisoned by Yitbarek According to tradition he escaped and made a pact with Iyasus Mo'a of Debre Hayg, organized a widespread revolt against Yitbarek, and established an independent kingdom in Amhara and Shoa.37 It is possible that Yekuno Amlak was allied for a time with the Muslim Sultanate of Shoa. The date of his killing of Yitbarek may have been as early as 1268, but 1270 has become accepted as the date of the change of dynasties since it is believed to have been the date of the death of Na'akuto La'ab who was in a struggle with Yitbarek for primacy.3 It is difficult to take issue with Budge's judgment of the Zagwe period- There was little to show ... for the rule of the Zagwe kings, for they conduc- ied no wars of importance, they made no conquests, and they added ne Agricultural History of Ethiopia, 1800-1990, University of Wisconsin Press, Madi son, 1995, pp. 23-83, provide perspective on these developments. $ Archaeological excavation at medieval sites (none has been undertaken ir Ethiopia to date) offers promise of extending understanding of politics and movements of people during this period. Coins, metal objects, remains of textiles and pottery would all provide evidence of trade connections. Pollen analysis would provide information on crops. I discuss this at length in a privately circu- lated essay, "Archaeology in Ethiopia - the Importance of the Medieval Period", 1997. 6 Dil Na'od is supposed to have escaped to Shoa where his descendants for eight gen