@mbbsbaba__.dr.shu: The Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle/TCA Cycle) – Detailed Notes for Class 11 Biology Location: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells Purpose: Central metabolic pathway that generates energy-rich molecules by oxidizing acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Starting Point: Acetyl-CoA (2-carbon molecule) combines with oxaloacetate (4-carbon molecule) Forms citrate (6-carbon molecule) Number of Steps: 8 enzymatic reactions Key Steps and Intermediates: Citrate formation (Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate → Citrate) Citrate isomerization to isocitrate Isocitrate oxidation and decarboxylation to α-ketoglutarate (releases 1 CO2) α-Ketoglutarate oxidation and decarboxylation to succinyl-CoA (releases 1 CO2) Succinyl-CoA conversion to succinate (produces 1 ATP/GTP) Succinate oxidation to fumarate (reduces FAD to FADH2) Fumarate hydration to malate Malate oxidation to oxaloacetate (reduces NAD+ to NADH) Products per One Turn of the Cycle: 3 NADH (from steps 3, 4, and 8) 1 FADH2 (from s

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Tuesday 14 July 2026 11:40:44 GMT