@jacqueslees: BZA Railway Spring Clip (Elastic Rail Clip) The rail is the component that supports and guides the rolling stock. It is secured to the sleepers in the track bed by means of elastic fastenings. The spring clip (elastic clip) is the principal clamping element of an elastic fastening: through bending and torsional deformation of the clip, it generates the clamping force (toe load) that acts on the rail, thereby ensuring a reliable long-term connection between rails, preserving the structural integrity of the track as far as possible, restraining longitudinal and lateral movement of the rail relative to the sleeper, and maintaining the correct track gauge — thus guaranteeing the safe running of rail vehicles. In addition, since contact between the wheel and the rail is rigid (steel-on-steel), vibration is unavoidable. The clip's special elastic structure also enables it to absorb the impact energy generated by passing vehicles, providing a damping effect. The spring clip operates under repeated alternating (cyclic) stress and is subjected to the combined effects of bending, torsion, fatigue and corrosion. When a vehicle passes, it must also withstand extremely high instantaneous impact loads. The performance requirements for spring clips are therefore extremely stringent.

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