@jacqueslees: Single Coil Spring Lock Washer In the fastener industry, spring washers are commonly referred to simply as "spring washers" or "lock washers." They are available in stainless steel and carbon steel (i.e., plain steel). The most commonly used sizes are M3, M4, M5, M6, M8, M10, M12, M14 and M16. The Chinese national standard for spring washers is GB/T 94.1-87, which specifies standard-type spring washers in sizes from 2 mm to 48 mm. The referenced standard is GB 94.4-85, "Specification for spring washers — Single coil lock washers." Spring washers are widely used in both load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures of general mechanical products. Their advantages are low cost and easy installation, making them suitable for parts that require frequent assembly and disassembly. However, the anti-loosening capability of spring washers is very low. In particular, their use rate in high-reliability products in Europe and the United States is extremely low, and they were abandoned for critical load-bearing structural connections many years ago. In China, they are still used to a limited extent in military applications, though these have been switched to stainless steel. It is said that steel spring washers have long been banned at CASC (China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation) as they are considered unsafe, for two reasons: 1) "ring expansion" (the washer opens up under load) and 2) hydrogen embrittlement.

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