@jacqueslees: Flat Washers for Railways In the fastener industry, spring washers are commonly referred to by the shorter term "spring washers" (弹垫, literally "elastic washer"). They are available in stainless steel and carbon steel — the latter being plain steel (iron). The most commonly used spring washer sizes are M3, M4, M5, M6, M8, M10, M12, M14 and M16. The Chinese national standard is GB/T 94.1-87, which specifies standard-type spring washers in sizes from 2 mm to 48 mm. It references GB 94.4-85, "Technical Requirements for Elastic Washers — Spring Washers". Spring washers are widely used in both load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures of general mechanical products. Their advantages are low cost and easy installation, making them suitable for joints that are frequently assembled and disassembled. However, the anti-loosening capability of spring washers is very poor. In Europe and the United States, they are now rarely used in products that demand high reliability — they were abandoned for critical load-bearing structural connections many years ago. In China they are still used to a limited extent in military applications, but have been upgraded to stainless steel. It is said that steel spring washers have long been banned at CASC (China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation), as they are considered very unsafe for two reasons: 1. ring expansion (the split opens up / the washer spreads outward); 2. hydrogen embrittlement.

There are no more comments for this video.

To see more videos from user @jacqueslees, please go to the Tikwm homepage.