@suesbackup1: Important Tongue Problems 🔹 Geographic Tongue ➟ Benign migratory glossitis ➟ Irregular erythematous depapillated areas with white/yellow borders ➟ Lesions change location and shape over time ➟ Usually asymptomatic; may burn with spicy/acidic food ➟ No treatment usually required 🔹 Fissured Tongue ➟ Multiple deep grooves/fissures on dorsal tongue ➟ Usually benign and asymptomatic ➟ Food/debris may accumulate → irritation or halitosis ➟ Associated with geographic tongue ➟ Management: reassurance + good tongue hygiene 🔹 Oral Thrush ➟ Usually caused by Candida albicans ➟ Creamy white plaques that wipe/scrape off, leaving an erythematous surface ➟ Risk factors: antibiotics, dentures, diabetes, immunosuppression, inhaled corticosteroids ➟ Treatment: topical nystatin/clotrimazole; systemic fluconazole when indicated ➟ High-yield: Candidiasis wipes off; leukoplakia typically does not 🔹 Glossitis ➟ Tongue becomes red, smooth and sore due to papillary atrophy ➟ Consider iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency ➟ May also occur with nutritional deficiency, infection or irritation ➟ Treat the underlying cause 🔹 Aphthous Ulcer ➟ Painful, shallow ulcer with yellow/gray base + erythematous halo ➟ Usually occurs on non-keratinized mucosa ➟ Minor aphthae heal spontaneously in about 7–14 days ➟ Treatment: topical corticosteroids for symptomatic lesions ➟ Not caused by HSV 🔹 Black Hairy Tongue ➟ Elongation of filiform papillae due to impaired desquamation ➟ May appear black, brown, yellow or green ➟ Associated with smoking, antibiotics, poor oral hygiene and xerostomia ➟ Management: tongue brushing/scraping + remove predisposing factors ➟ Benign condition 🔹 Burning Mouth Syndrome ➟ Chronic burning oral pain despite clinically normal mucosa ➟ Commonly affects the anterior tongue, lips and palate ➟ Diagnosis of exclusion ➟ Exclude candidiasis, xerostomia, nutritional deficiency, diabetes and medication effects ➟ Primary BMS is considered a neuropathic pain disorder 🔹 Leukoplakia ➟ Predominantly white plaque that cannot be rubbed off and cannot otherwise be clinically characterized as another disease ➟ Tobacco is an important risk factor ➟ Histology may range from hyperkeratosis to epithelial dysplasia ➟ Persistent/suspicious lesions generally require biopsy ➟ Nonhomogeneous leukoplakia carries greater malignant risk than homogeneous leukoplakia 🔹 Tongue Cancer ➟ Most commonly oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) ➟ Common high-risk location: lateral/ventral tongue ➟ May present as a non-healing ulcer, induration or persistent mass ➟ Risk factors: tobacco and heavy alcohol use ➟ Cervical lymph nodes should be evaluated ➟ Any unexplained persistent suspicious oral lesion requires prompt evaluation/biopsy #tounge #downsyndromeawareness #fypシ゚viral #suesbackup1 #knowledgesharing

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Tuesday 06 October 2026 15:18:32 GMT