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➡️Quantitative Finance from Scratch, part 40: GJR GARCH.  The goal is simple: forecast how big tomorrow's moves will be. Volatility comes in clusters, and plain GARCH uses that by building tomorrow's forecast from today's move squared and today's forecast. Squaring wipes out the sign, though, so a 4 % drop and a 4 % rise raise tomorrow's forecast by exactly the same amount. In real stock markets a drop raises volatility much more than a rise of the same size. One reason is leverage: when the price falls, the company's debt weighs more relative to its stock, so the stock itself becomes riskier. Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle captured this in 1993 with one extra weight, gamma, that only switches on after a down day. The model is now known as GJR GARCH: tomorrow's variance = omega + (alpha + gamma x I) x today's move squared + beta x today's variance, where I is 1 after a down day and 0 otherwise. The code (gjr_reel.py, 16 lines of Python with numpy) uses typical values omega 0.02, alpha 0.02, gamma 0.12 and beta 0.90, in percent squared per day, so the normal level is a volatility of 1 % a day. After a 4 % rise: 0.02 + 0.02 x 16 + 0.90 x 1 = 1.24, a forecast of 1.11 %. After a 4 % drop: 0.02 + 0.14 x 16 + 0.90 x 1 = 3.16, a forecast of 1.78 %. The extra volatility is 0.11 against 0.78 percentage points, about seven times as much (6.8). Plain GARCH with the values from part 39 gives 1.58 % in both cases, so right after a sell off it underestimates the risk. Source: Glosten, L. R., Jagannathan, R. and Runkle, D. E. (1993), On the Relation between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks, Journal of Finance 48(5), 1779 to 1801. Honest notes: the parameter values are typical textbook sizes, not estimates from real data. All market data in the video is simulated. #quantfinance #finance #volatility #riskmanagement #timeseries   Education only, not financial advice.
➡️Quantitative Finance from Scratch, part 40: GJR GARCH. The goal is simple: forecast how big tomorrow's moves will be. Volatility comes in clusters, and plain GARCH uses that by building tomorrow's forecast from today's move squared and today's forecast. Squaring wipes out the sign, though, so a 4 % drop and a 4 % rise raise tomorrow's forecast by exactly the same amount. In real stock markets a drop raises volatility much more than a rise of the same size. One reason is leverage: when the price falls, the company's debt weighs more relative to its stock, so the stock itself becomes riskier. Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle captured this in 1993 with one extra weight, gamma, that only switches on after a down day. The model is now known as GJR GARCH: tomorrow's variance = omega + (alpha + gamma x I) x today's move squared + beta x today's variance, where I is 1 after a down day and 0 otherwise. The code (gjr_reel.py, 16 lines of Python with numpy) uses typical values omega 0.02, alpha 0.02, gamma 0.12 and beta 0.90, in percent squared per day, so the normal level is a volatility of 1 % a day. After a 4 % rise: 0.02 + 0.02 x 16 + 0.90 x 1 = 1.24, a forecast of 1.11 %. After a 4 % drop: 0.02 + 0.14 x 16 + 0.90 x 1 = 3.16, a forecast of 1.78 %. The extra volatility is 0.11 against 0.78 percentage points, about seven times as much (6.8). Plain GARCH with the values from part 39 gives 1.58 % in both cases, so right after a sell off it underestimates the risk. Source: Glosten, L. R., Jagannathan, R. and Runkle, D. E. (1993), On the Relation between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks, Journal of Finance 48(5), 1779 to 1801. Honest notes: the parameter values are typical textbook sizes, not estimates from real data. All market data in the video is simulated. #quantfinance #finance #volatility #riskmanagement #timeseries Education only, not financial advice.

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