@etstudyteam: ● Organic Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies carbon-containing compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions. Carbon forms four covalent bonds, allowing it to create chains, branches, and rings with elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Main Classes of Organic Compounds: * Alkanes: Hydrocarbons with only single bonds (C–C). They are saturated compounds. Example: Methane (CH₄). * Alkenes: Hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond (C=C). Example: Ethene (C₂H₄). * Alkynes: Hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond (C≡C). Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂). * Aromatic compounds: Contain special stable ring structures, such as benzene (C₆H₆). Functional Groups: These are specific atoms or groups of atoms that determine the characteristic chemical properties and reactions of organic compounds. * Alcohol: –OH * Aldehyde: –CHO * Ketone: >C=O * Carboxylic acid: –COOH * Ether: –O– * Ester: –COO– * Amine: –NH₂ * Amide: –CONH₂ * Haloalkane: –Cl, –Br, –F, or –I Other Important Concepts: * Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or arrangements. * IUPAC nomenclature: The standard system for naming organic compounds. * Organic reactions: Addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation, and reduction. Importance: Organic chemistry is essential in medicine, biology, agriculture, energy, plastics, fuels, and the production of everyday materials. #etstudy #chemistry #Science #ethiopian_education #grade12

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Thursday 12 November 2026 14:34:46 GMT